Document Type : Research
Author
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness of cognitive training of hope enhancing and academic motivation of PNU students who were studying in year 94-93 in Bukan town. For this purpose, by multi-stage random sampling questionnaires and through the implementation of optimism Scheier & carver and object-Pierre Hermans achievement motivation, 40 students for each variable according to lowest score were selected and through random assignment were divided to two experimental and control groups with 20 students. Then the two groups (students with low achievement motivation and low scale of optimism) were trained cognitive training of hope enhancing by two trained therapists in eight 60-minute sessions, while the control group didn’t expose to any intervention, then all of the experimental group and the control subjects were assessed. Data using by descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANCOVA) were analyzed. The results of analysis of covariance and the level of 0.05>p for affiliates to determine the effectiveness of cognitive training of hope enhancing showed that it has been assigned as an effective intervention to increase optimism and motivation of the students.
Keywords
باران اولادی، صادق؛ اعتمادی، احمد؛ کرمی، ابوالفضل (1391). "اثربخشی امید درمانی بر انگیزش پیشرفت دانش‌آموزان پسر پایۀ دوم کار و دانش شهرستان بهارستان". دانش و پژوهش در روان‌شناسی کاربردی. 13 (48) :3-9.
بیابانگرد، اسماعیل (1384). "رابطة میان عزت‌نفس، انگیزة پیشرفت و پیشرفت تحصیلی در دانش‌آموزان سال سوم دبیرستان‌های تهران". مطالعات روان‌شناختی، دورة 1، شمارة 4و 5، 144-131.
رضایی، جمال (1385). "بررسی رابطة بین حافظه فعال، انگیزش پیشرفت و پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان سال سوم متوسطه شهرستان سر پل ذهاب". پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران.
زارع، حسین؛ رستگار، احمد (1391). "رابطة باورهای معرفت-شناختی و فرایندهای شناختی: بررسی نقش واسطه‌ای اهداف پیشرفت". مجلة روان‌شناسی، 64، سال شانزدهم، شمارة 4.
زارع، حسین؛ محبوبی، طاهر؛ سلیمی، حسین (1394). "تأثیر آموزش شناختی ارتقای امید بر کاهش اهمال‌کاری و خودناتوانسازی تحصیلی دانشجویان دانشگاه پیامنور بوکان". نشریة علمی- پژوهشی آموزش و ارزشیابی، 1394، سال هشتم، شمارة 32.
عابدینی، یاسمین؛ مختاری، محمدمهدی (1394). "مدل عِلّی روابط انگیزش پیشرفت و عملکرد تحصیلی: نقش واسطه‌ای و فراشناختی کمک‌طلبی تحصیلی در یادگیری از طریق تلفن همراه"، نشریه پژوهش در یادگیری آموزشگاهی و مجازی، دوره 3، شماره 11، زمستان 1394، صفحه 7-16.
کیافر، مریم‌سادات؛ کارشکی، حسین؛ هاشمی، فرح (1393). "نقش باورهای امید و خوش‌بینی در پیش‌بینی انگیزش تحصیلی دانشجویان تحصیلات تکمیلی دانشگاه فردوسی و علوم پزشکی مشهد". مجلة ایرانی آموزش در علوم پزشکی، 14 (6): 517-526.
گودرزی، محمدعلی (1381). "بررسی روایی و پایایی مقیاس نومیدی بک بین گروهی از دانشجویان دانشگاه شیراز. مجلۀ علوم اجتماعی و انسانی دانشگاه شیراز، دورۀ 17، شماره 1. ص 40-32.
نیکدل، فریبرز؛ کدیور، پروین؛ فرزاد، ولی‌الله؛ عزیززاده، مهدی؛ کاووسیان، جواد (1391). "رابطة خودپنداره تحصیلی، هیجان‌های تحصیلی مثبت و منفی با یادگیری خودگردان". فصلنامة روان‌شناسی کاربردی، 6 (1)، 119-103.
Aspinwall, L.G. & Leaf, S.L. (2002). In search of the unique aspects of hope: Pinning our hopes on positive emotions, future-oriented thinking, hard times, and other people. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 276–288.
Berendes, D.; Keefe, F.J.; Somers, T.J.; Kothadia, S.M.; Porter, L.S. & Cheavens, J.S. (2010). Hope in the context of lung cancer: Relationships of hope to symptoms and psychological distress. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management: Vol 40:pp.174–182.
Bryant, F.B. & Cvengros, J.A. (2004). Distinguishing hope and optimism two sides of a coin, or two separate coins? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 273-302.
Burić, Sorić. (2012). The role of test hope and hopelessness in self - regulated learning: Relations between volitional strategies, cognitive appraisals and academic achievement, Learning and Individual Differences 22, 523–529.
Carver, C.S.; Scheier, M.F. & Segerstrom, S.C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 1-11.
Cavojováa, Mikuškováa. (2015). Does intelligence predict academic achievement? Two case studies, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 174, 3462 – 3469.
Ciarrochi, J.; Heaven, P.C.L. & Davies, F. (2007). The impact of hope, self-esteem, and attributional style on adolescents’ school grades and emotional well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality: Vol 41: pp.1161–1178.
Clark, M.H. & Schroth, C.A. (2010). Examining relationships between academic motivation and personality among college students. Individual Differences, 20:19-24.
Curry, L.A. & Snyder, C.R. (2000). Hope takes the field: Mind matters in athletic performances. In C.R.
Curry, L.A.; Snyder, C.R.; Cook, D.L.; Ruby, B.C. & Rehm, M. (1997). Role of hope in academic and sport achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1257–1267.
Farber, B.L. (2005). Positive Expectancy, Locus of Control, and Coping in Homeless and Non-Homeless Children. Unpublished master’s thesis. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
Feldman, Kubota. (2014). Hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and academic achievement: Distinguishing constructs and levels of specificity in predicting college grade-point average, Learning and Individual (2015) 210–216.
Hakki, Ertena. (2014). Interaction between academic motivation and student teachers’ academic achievement, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 (2014) 173–178.
Hongfei, Du. & Ronnel, B.K. (2013). Placing hope in self and others: Exploring the relationships among self-construals, locus of hope, and adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences:vol 54 :pp.332–337.
Kevin, L.R. (2009). Hope and Optimism Latent Structures and Influences on Grade Expectancy and Academic Performance. Journal of Personality. Vol.77, Issue 1, PP. 231-260.
Kevin, L.R.; Allison, D.M. & Amanda, M.S. (2011). Hope, but not optimism, predicts academic performance of law students beyond previous academic achievement. Journal of Research in Personality: vol 45: pp. 683–686.
Krok. (2015). The mediating role of optimism in the relations between sense of coherence, subjective and psychological well-being among late adolescents, Personality and Individual Differences 85 (2015) 134–139.
Laurie, E.S. & Bruce, W.S. (2013). The influence of between and within-person hope among emergency responders on daily affect in a stress and coping model. Journal of Research in Personality: vol 47:.738–747.
Ling, Huebner, Liu, Li Liu, Zhang, Xiao. (2015). The origins of hope in adolescence: A test of a social–cognitive model, Personality and Individual Differences 87 (2015) 307–311.
Lopez, S.J. & Kerr, B.A. (2006). An open source approach to creating positive psychological practice: a comment on Wong's strengths centered therapy. Psychotherapy: theory, Research, practice, training, 43, 2, 147- 150.
Peterson. J.S.; Gerhardt, W.M. & Rode, C.J. (2006). Hope, learning goals and task performance. Personality and individual difference, 40, 6, 1099- 1109.
Rand, Martin and Shea. (2011). Hope, but not optimism, predicts academic performance of law students beyond previous academic achievement, Journal of Research in Personality 45 (2011) 683–686.
Scheier, M.F. & Carver, C.S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implication of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology,4,219-247.
Shirli, W. (2012). Subjective well-being, hope, and needs of individuals with serious mental illness. Psychiatry Research: vol 196:pp. 214–219.
Snyder, C.R. (1994). The Psychology of Hope: YOU CAN GET THEREFROM HERE. FREE PRESS. USA.
Snyder, C.R. (2000). The past and future of hope. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology: vol 19: pp. 11– 28.
Snyder, C.R. (2003). Target article: Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249–275.
Snyder, C.R.; Cheavens, J. & Sympson, S.C. (1997) Hope: An individual motive for social commerce. Group Dynamics. Theory, Research, and Practice: vol 1:pp. 107– 118.
Snyder, C.R.; Hoza, B.; Pelham, W.E.; Rapoff, M.; Ware, L. & Danovsky, M. et al. (1997) The development and validation of the children’s hope scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology: vol 22:pp. 399– 421.
Snyder, C.R.; Lapointe, A.B.; Crowson, J.J.; Jr. & Early, S. (2007). Preferences of high- and low-hope people for self-referential input. Cognition and Emotion: vol 12: pp 807–823.
Snyder, C.R.; Shorey, H.S.; Cheavens, J.; Pulvers, K.M.; Adams, V.H. & Wiklund, C. (2002). Hope and academic success in college. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 820–826.
Stadler, Aust, Becker, Niepel, Greiff. (2016). Choosing between what you want now and what you want most: Self-control explains academic achievement beyond cognitive ability, Personality and Individual Differences 94 (2016) 168–172.
)